Qualitative Research and Respondents Essay

1.1. IntroductionLeptospirosis is wizard of the deadliest bacterial transmission system that I ordinarily acquired in tropical countries. you stinkpot buoy let down the illness when you were assailable to soils and water that is dirty by leptospira bacteria.Rodents such as wood pussys be the primary carriers of the leptospirosis bacteria. It is of the essence(predicate) to grade the signs of gnawer infestation at home. If you regularly sop up rodent droppings around regimen packages, in drawers, cupboards, chthonic the r individually, then your manse is infested. Whenever you see such droppings or boxes of food, or wirings that has rodent bites, you must carry on an litigate.Symptoms support claim 2 26 age (average 10 days) to machinate this whitethorn let in dry spit out(p), fever, headache, tree trunkbuilder pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, trembling chills, less green symptoms include ab pain, deviate lung sounds, b angiotensin-converting en zyme pain, conjunctivitis, blown-up lymph glands, enlarged spleen or liver, joint aches, muscle rigidity, muscle tenderness, skin rash and crude throat. (Dugdale III, 2010) Test to be through to stick if you contract leptospirosis atomic number 18 the side by side(p) complete source count (Complete blood count), creatine kinase, urinalysis.Medications argon attached to the patient and mingled baptisterys nevertheless atomic number 18 life- arduous if non do by promptly. The fatality rate of the distemper is 5-40. (Dugdale III, 2010) hither in the Philippines one of the most everyday app arnt motion of leptospirosis is flood water. Leptospirosis cases goes up in the rainy period. In Metro Manila, wrongful disposal of our wastes such as plastics, theatre of operations servant wastes, and some(a) differents blocks the water pass on the sink or to the drainage carcass of rules. This causes floods heretofore in and a tenuous essence of rain. And garbage attra cts rodents that carry a letpospira bacteria and it contaminates the flood water that cuts to acquiring the leptospirosis.1.2. compass of the pollFlash floods are habitual throughout the Philippine archipelago during the monsoon seasons, which runs from the June to December. They are oddly common in Manila, the kingdoms sprawling capital and home of 14 million Filipinos. The awake(predicate)ness of the pack is very much important specially when flash floods or typhoons occur. Leptospirosis is a bacterial disorder which could be contracted by humans when exposed to flood wet containing urine infect animals same(p) rats, dog, and pigs. The leptospirosis cases was ca utilize by the wide permeate flooding cause by the typhoons that alter the Luzon areas.In Quezon urban center one barangay, barangay Gulod, has strikeed many an(prenominal) cases of leptospirosis. Barangay Gulod is located near the Tullahan River and Kaybuktot Creek. The barangay itself is along the Quiri no Highway. The barangay is larger-than-life nevertheless because of poor urban breeding program the drainage carcass is excuse a fuss during the rainy seasons they aim the most number of incidents of leptospirosis cases in the yester grade 3 years. In 2009 the complaint, according to the record book of Department of Health (bash) has afflicted more raft in Metro Manila, attributing the outbreak to large numbers of mountain wade in flood waters carrying the bacteria. The DOH had recorded 1,027 leptospirosis patients, w presentin 89 died. There were 122 cases in Quezon metropolis alone with 14 cases in Barangay Gulod. (Quezon City Health Department QCHD, 2011)In 2010, leptospirosis was noned as the fourth on the list of the top disease outbreaks in the Philippines. The DOH has recorded over cd leptospirosis cases in the prototypal half of the year (Department of Health DOH, 2010), which includes 26 deaths with 1 case in Barangay Gulod. (QCHD, 2010)Recently, the Depar tment of Health released an resolution that casualties from leptospirosis has increased 247% in 10 months (January-October) in Metro Manila with number of 131 cases of Leptospirosis in Quezon City with 5 cases in barangay Gulod. It commonly tamps 2 weeks after the infection to explicit influenza-like symptoms. If non diagnosed early complete, it dismiss lead to more severe symptom and may cause death. Mild infections stooge be worked by antibiotic drugs like doxycyline, but for severe infections generally, they lease Intravenous Penicillin which is save dangerous because the patient world power encounter the Jarisch-Hexheimer reaction. This disease needs prompt music upon its contraction. (Uy, 2011)1.3. Theoretical FrameworkSystems design start out is coordinated, interdependent and interacting problems that seeks to create an action to take the entity as a whole. It implies that we take the function of the whole thing to be adapted to create future reveal by und erstanding the reputation and bringing the purlieu by fulfilling its requirement on saving it. (Laszlo & Krippner, 1998). Living in this planet, in that respect are things we need to maintain. The Systems Design is express that it is interconnected and interacting problems.Meaning every problem we do, creates other one and relates to another, everything is a chain from small to the biggest. Just like what is happening here in the Philippines right now the mess who throws their trash everywhere creates a larger problem. Systems Design is participatory by nature (Bethany, 1996), meaning everyone from the society potbelly contact a change on how the problem leave behind be netd by making small st line of credits on providing a remedy on their problems. They can engage themselves by become an expeditious participant on change and they can be more resourceful.Bela Bethany (1996), a Systems theoriser characterized the arrangings design focusing the humanities to be, captu re oriented, rational, neutral, and it has concerns on future generations . (Banathy, 1996, pp. 34-35.) Here in the Philippines we believe that systems design by universe participatory checks hatful move on their own on the cartridge clip of calamities. Disasters are make by simple forms of action. straightaway when it rained a little it floods the city and that would make people alarmed and take actions. And by that they will learn from their mistakes and try to solve their problem as a system and functioning as one. Because creation in a societal systems human beings actively apply their skills to the analysis of the design of socially and ecologically sustainable systems by beclimax active participants of their community on influence their future. (Laszlo & Krippner, 1998)1.4. Conceptual FrameworkThis part of the write up will serve as a guide to view systems approach of the stimulation- mold-output devised by Stoner, Freeman and Gilbert Jr. (1995). The system has flows of information, materials and nil, including human energy that enter as an inputs then transform the servees on the system and exit as an output. A feedback is considered as a key to systems controls .Leptospirosis legal community on barangays are being followed in the musical theme matter. The following protocols followed by the local disposal is forbiding leptospirosisPolicy-Making it refers to the concept of operation and the tasks for performance of the organizations programs by the several(prenominal) staffs and officers, ths directs the functions and responsibilities of the personnel to rigorous guidance and compliance. (Leveriza, 1983) gravel it is the admittance of each citizen to the city administration on the operate of the city brass. On every projects and information just about the services they need. This would let them take up the power to hunch and accumulate certain information. (Dr. Cruz, Personal Communication, 2011) affable Participation is the ext ent of the participation of the people in both formal or informal meeting activities. (Leveriza, 1983)These inputs undergo the process of assessment to determine whether the existing insurance policy and procedures being implemented by each of the plain government institutions are commensurate to protect the network resources from any iniquitous acts, as well as identify problems in relation the tell follow of the prevention of leptospirosis cases on the barangays. (Stoner et al., 1995)The dynamic process in the framework shall contribute, as output, to a authoritative improvement of the review of leptospirosis cases, including the measures that should be adopted by each answering government agency.Given the foregoing systems model, the interrogation paradigm of the study id presented in Figure below for a clearer understanding and appreciation. Selected Government Institutions.City Health Government-Policy procedures-Access-Society knowingness Analysis of-Leptospirosis c ases in Barangay Gulod, Quezon City. A significant review of Leptospirosis prevention on the barangays.FEEDBACK query paradigmAs shown in paradigm, the input variables include the profile of the network of subject government institution. It is the city health incision of the Quezon city is the department of the city from which the programs and phylogenesiss are made while encountering this leptospirosis cases.1.5. Scope and LimitationsThis study would focus more of Leptospirosis cases in Barangay Gulod, Quezon City from the year 2009 2011 who had recorded the most of the cases of the verbalise disease for the past 3 years. This would include the citizens of the barangay in all age groups. We would too investigate the programs (if any) implemented to prevent the Leptospirosis cases in the Barangay onwards, during and after the floods, and the projects aimed at eliminating the floods and rats that caused the disease.1.6. Statement of the conundrumThis study would like to the answer the following problems about the strategies of the City Government towards the leptospirosis cases encountered in Barangay Gulod Q.C. 1. What are the efforts made by the City Government before, during and after the typhoon? 2. Are the efforts impressive enough?3. What are the programs and projects implemented on the verbalise Barangay? Does the programs and projects athletic supporter the citizens of the Barangay? 4. Whatare the steps of the City Government to empower its people on the time of floods and rains? This study would like to help the barangays and the Quezon City on preventing the leptospirosis cases during the time of typhoons and floods. 1.7. Importance of the StudyThis study is important to the followingQuezon City Government to help them on implementing rules, programs and projects to prevent Leptospirosis on the barangays that is said to have a large descale of Leptospirosis cases. This hopefully would help them on the ideas of the other barangays and cit ies to prevent and hopefully knap the spread of the disease.Barangay officials to give them knowledge on the status of the leptospirosis on their barangay.Barangay Citizens to help them and their families on contract the disease.1.8. Definition of Terms1. Afflicted being troubled with pains. 2. Ceftriaxone Injection- injection used to treat certain infections caused by bam (a sexually transmitted disease) and infections of lungs, ears, skin, urinary tract, blood, drum joints and abdomen. It is as well given to some types of surgical process to prevent the development of another disease after the operation. 3. Chemoprohylaxis use of a chemical agent to prevent a development of disease. 4. Creatine Kinase The mitochondrial creatine kinase (CKm) is present in the mitochondrial intermembrane space, where it produces phosphocreatine (PCr) from mitochondrially-generated ATP and creatine (Cr) trade from the cytosol. 5. Disease disturbed or ab principle structure or physiolog ical action in the living organism as awhole or in any of its parts. 6. dopamine an important neurotransmitter in the brain. 7. Doxycyline this is used to treat a wide variety of bacterial infections or to treat the travelers diarrhea. It acts by inhibiting the growth of bacteria 8. indispensableness a state of how bad the disease is9. Flashflood an event caused by hard rain 10. Furosemide- this is used to treat mellowed blood pressure. Furosemide reduces fluid accruement by increasing the elimination of sodium and water through the kidneys. 11. immunoglobulin M enzyme-linked-immunosorbent serologic assay is a fast trial run for a qualitative detection of IgM anti Bodies. 12. IgM leptospira Dipstick is a fast test for a qualitative detection of IgM anti Bodies against Leptospirosis. It is used to determine the leptospirosis cases in Yucatan, Mexico. 13. Input something put into a system or device as energy into a machine, food into the body, data into a computer, etc. 14 . Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction reaction caused by organisms (bacteria) dying off and releasing toxins into the body faster than the body may comfortably handle it. 15. Meningitis an inflammation of the meninge, the membranes that covers the brain and spinal cord. 16. Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) a test to determine if you are infected by leptospirosis. 17. Outbreak a choppy and violent breaking forth said of passion or of disease change large numbers of people. 18. Output the sum put out or produced in a specified time 19. sanitisation making something sterile or plunk.20. Seropositivity wake positive reaction to a serologic or test on blood serum for a disease. 21. Serovars Manilae sample Vaccines used for Leptospirosis 22. Spirochetes any of a genus of typically saprophytic bacteria commonly found in water and sewage and characterized by spin flexible filaments with apparently rotary movements. 23. Thrombocyt propagateic recounting decrease of platelets in blood. 24. Urinalysis in any case known as Routine and Microscopy (R&M), is an forces of tests performed on urine, and one of the most common methods of medical diagnosis. 25. Vasodilatation dilation of blood vessel, as by the action of a hardihood drug. 26. Vax-SPIRAL Trivalent AntiLeptospirosis Vaccine for Human use. 27. zoonotic a veritable individual of a compound animal or of a simple eggCHAPTER 2 recap OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIESThis portion of the research gives some additional information that have been made both local and foreign researchers which are in one way of the other related in the research under taken in this study.2.1. FOREIGN LITERATURES fit to www.Leptospirosis.org (2010) a reference archive on the internet for Leptospirosis information, the Leptospirosis bacteria cant live on saltwater. We cannot rule Leptospirosis by taking a bath on a beach. Contaminated fresh waters and flood waters are normally the bacteria carrier. They also said that y ou can pass water Leptospirosis by swallowing, swimming with open wounds on polluted water. It is never air borne. It also said that the bacteria cant survived by acid, heat, disinfectants, and alkalis. and so cooked foods are safe. Everything in your house should be clean most especially if your house is infested by rodents. doxycycline offers some security system against severe illness and is the best and normal medication to be given in these situations, but it cannot guarantee protection and a mild illness may tacit occur. Therefore, protection is all we need. We should be aware that the disease is existing and might cause death.According to an Indian heath portal www.aarogya.com gave some guidelines on how to prevent the Leptospirosis infection. The first step is sanitation, of course cleanliness is the first step. whence protect your self with gloves, masks, boots, when going to a water area that might be contaminated by the Leptospirosis. (S. Pallavi, 2008) You should also note your open wounds from the contaminated water, and also backwash your hands after touching an animal. Do not touch rats. Prevention is better than recuperate. Therefore, we should educate people from the disease, do not let them swim on a possible contaminated fresh water. find rid of rats and throw your waste properly. xerox management repels rats.The Medicenet.com states some implications or symptoms of the Leptospirosis, he said that at the first physical body the patient would companionship some flu like symptoms like fever, headaches, muscle pains, cough and colds. Then the redness of the eye would develop on the ninth day. Then it will develop some aching with inclementness of the nerves then some inflammations. This disease is somewhat connected to liver and kidney disease. That would take the disease to another implications. (Cunha, 2009) That is why whenever you experience the first types of symptoms then you should do something about it right away before it s too late. Vaccines are developed already which are given to some explorers but it is not that advisable for some research are not yet done about the vaccine.According to www.nlm.nih.gov there the procedures to cure Leptospirosis, this would include the intakes of medicine, such as Ampicillin, Ceftriaxone, Doxycyclne, and Penicillin. He said that complicated cases need to be taken care in intensive care unit (intensive care unit). Leptospirosis is curable, but serious and complicated cases maybe life-threatening. There are also other complications that the patient can get in Leptospirosis. There is the Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction is a reaction of the body when the is an intake of Penicillin, there is also Meningitis, and severe bleeding. Therefore, although the Leptospirosis is life threatening there are still hopes that is coming out, there is a vaccine developed in Europe and in Asia that might not stop but at least freeze the Leptospirosis spread. Still prevention is better than the cure. We must manage our purlieu to stop the infestation of the rodents on on our households. And we should learn to clean our environment to stop the flooding. (Dugdale III, 2010)2.2. LOCAL LITERATURESSison, (2009) said that the Philippines is facing a serious problem of Leptospirosis. Poor sanitation and the increase of the urban slums along with frequent typhoons and expansion of flooding areas in the country have exacerbated the risk of infection. Leptospires are said the cause of the Weils disease in Japan, where it was common in coal miners. Leptospirosis can affect many species of of wild and interior(prenominal) animals, including marine mammals. Prompt scientific discourse is essential, and aggressive support care with strict attention to fluid and electrolyte is a must. some severely ill patients may require dialysis. So with a clean surroundings, and a better prevention of the disease is a Leptospirosis free community even those people in the slum area, if know h ow to clean and sanitize their belongings they cant get leptospirosis. So whenever there are contaminations in the place they should be alert. defecate prevention is better than cure. (Sison, 2009)(Medenilla et al., 2009) Leptospirosis is a disease caused by a bacterial infection when humans get contact in flood waters contaminated by animal urines from dogs, cats, pigs and specially rats. It takes 5 days t o 2 weeks before you can see the symptoms. During that time the leptospirosis cases hits a large amount of cases in Luzon with 1,027 cases with 89 fatalities. Sec. Duque said that the widespread cases were caused by the two tropical storms that hit the country. The Government warned the reality to avoid flood water to prevent getting infected by the bacteria. The government that time prepared P 4-million pesos for the leptospirosis victims. Phrophylaxis, a drug which cures leptospirosis. This medicine is given now to those admitted cases of Leptospirosis. However, Prophylaxis is not suitable for children and pregnant women.The caregiver (Philippine College of Physicians) and PMA (Philippine Medical Center) released a guidelines on an antibiotic Prophylaxis to people in leptospirosis-affected communities. They said that Prophylaxis is not recommended to those individuals unless they confirmed that they have visited a leptospirosis contaminated area. Ii is said that to prevent this disease, sanitation and protection is the best. Flood water is one of the risk factors that would infect you a leptospirosis. By just wearing boots, goggles, overalls, gloves and others. 2 capsules of Doxycycline is given once weekly for those who were exposed and should be continued through out the end of the exposure period. Then, the use of Prophylaxis is not 100% effective. It is said that it would depend on the quality of the drug and the timing of the intake. (Manongdo, 2009)If the rats urine was mixed in the flood waters, what comes next is the Leptospirosis. There dozens of rats in metro manilla paper, Rats are the largest group of mammal in the world. Their population is even greater than humans. The dirtier the place the more they would get in to your households. (Editorial Pilipino Star Ngayon 2009) For the past epidemiological research the Leptospirosis cases in the Metro manila especially in the Quezon City, were reported to have a high case of Leptospirosis. genius of the reasons of this disease is the improper waste management. some of Filipinos are not disciplined enough to throw their waste properly, some were just throwing their garbage on the river. And some doesnt separate the biodegradable and the non biodegradable. So by keeping the discipline everywhere and not just throwing waste every where we can at least refrain the floods that brings the Leptospirosis.